The persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that characterizes major depression can lead to a range of behavioral and physical symptoms. These may include changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, daily behavior or self-esteem. Depression can also be associated with thoughts of suicide.

Symptoms

Mood: anxiety, apathy, general discontent, guilt, hopelessness, loss of interest, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, mood swings, or sadness

Behavioral: agitation, excessive crying, irritability, restlessness, or social isolation

Sleep: early awakening, excess sleepiness, insomnia, or restless sleep

Whole body: excessive hunger, fatigue, or loss of appetite

Cognitive: lack of concentration, slowness in activity, or thoughts of suicide

Weight: weight gain or weight loss

Also common: poor appetite or repeatedly going over thoughts

Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is usually

1. Meditation

2. Cognitive behavioural therapy: A talk therapy focused on modifying negative thoughts, behaviours and emotional responses associated with psychological distress.

3. Behaviour therapy: A therapy focused on modifying harmful behaviours associated with psychological distress.

4. Psychotherapy: Treatment of mental or behavioural disorders through talk therapy.

Increasingly, research suggests that these treatments may normalise brain changes associated with depression.